Is Hypochondriasis Related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, or Both? An Empirical Evaluation

Abstract

Although hypochondriasis (HC) is considered a somatoform disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision), some authors have pointed out that the symptoms of HC overlap with certain anxiety disorders, namely, panic disorder (PD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Few studies have empirically addressed this overlap. In the present investigation, we used discriminant function analysis to explore how patients with a principal diagnosis of HC, OCD, or PD varied with respect to cardinal symptoms of these disorders (i.e., health anxiety, obsessions and compulsions, and panic-related anxiety and avoidance) and key cognitive biases (i.e., intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, and body vigilance). Fifty treatment-seeking individuals with PD, 21 with OCD, and 23 with HC completed self-report measures of symptoms and cognitions during their clinic visit. Results indicated that whereas individuals with HC experience panic attacks, obsessions, and compulsions, these symptoms are markedly less pronounced than among those with PD and OCD. Conversely, overlaps were found in terms of cognitive biases, with HC patients demonstrating elevated levels of intolerance of uncertainty, body vigilance, and fear of cardiovascular symptoms. Implications for the conceptualization and treatment of HC are discussed.