Gram-negative synergy and mechanism of action of alkynyl bisbenzimidazoles

Abstract

Abstract Bisbenzimidazoles with terminal alkynyl linkers, selective inhibitors of bacterial topoisomerase I, have been evaluated using bacterial cytological profiling (BCP) to ascertain their mechanism of action and screened for synergism to improve Gram-negative bacterial coverage. Principal component analysis of high throughput fluorescence images suggests a dual-mechanism of action affecting DNA synthesis and cell membrane integrity. Fluorescence microscopy of bacteria challenged with two of the alkynyl-benzimidazoles revealed changes in the cellular ultrastructure that differed from topoisomerase II inhibitors including induction of spheroplasts and membrane lysis. The cytoskeleton recruitment enzyme inhibitor A22 in combination with one of the alkynyl-benzimidazoles was synergistic against Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. Gram-positive coverage remained unchanged in the A22-alkynyl bisbenzimidazole combination. Efflux inhibitors were not synergistic, suggesting that the Gram-negative outer membrane was a significant barrier for alkynyl-bisbenzimidazole uptake. Time-kill assays demonstrated the A22-bisbenzimidazole combination had a similar growth inhibition curve to that of norfloxacin in E.coli. Bisbenzimidazoles with terminal alkynyl linkers likely impede bacterial growth by compromising cell membrane integrity and by interfering with DNA synthesis against Gram-positive pathogens and in the synergistic combination against Gram-negative pathogens including E. coli and multidrug-resistant A. baumanii.