Deep learning enables accurate soft tissue tendon deformation estimation in vivo via ultrasound imaging

Abstract

AbstractImage-based deformation estimation is an important tool used in a variety of engineering problems, including crack propagation, fracture, and fatigue failure. These tools have been important in biomechanics research where measuring in vitro and in vivo tissue deformations are important for evaluating tissue health and disease progression. However, accurately measuring tissue deformation in vivo is particularly challenging due to limited image signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, we created a novel deep-learning approach for measuring deformation from a sequence of images collected in vivo called . Utilizing a training dataset that incorporates image artifacts, was designed to maximize performance in challenging, in vivo settings. Artificially generated image sequences of human flexor tendons undergoing known deformations were used to compare benchmark against two conventional image-based strain measurement techniques. outperformed the traditional techniques by nearly 90%. High-frequency ultrasound imaging was then used to acquire images of the flexor tendons engaged during contraction. Only was able to track tissue deformations under the in vivo test conditions. Findings revealed strong correlations between tendon deformation and applied forces, highlighting the potential for to be a valuable tool for assessing rehabilitation strategies or disease progression. Additionally, by using real-world data to train our model, was able to generalize and reveal important relationships between the effort exerted by the participant and tendon mechanics. Overall, demonstrated the effectiveness of using deep learning for image-based strain analysis in vivo.