Comparing the responses of the UK, Sweden and Denmark to COVID-19 using counterfactual modelling

Author:

Mishra SwapnilORCID,Scott James A.,Laydon Daniel J.ORCID,Flaxman Seth,Gandy Axel,Mellan Thomas A.,Unwin H. Juliette T.ORCID,Vollmer Michaela,Coupland Helen,Ratmann Oliver,Monod Melodie,Zhu Harrison H.,Cori Anne,Gaythorpe Katy A. M.ORCID,Whittles Lilith K.ORCID,Whittaker Charles,Donnelly Christl A.ORCID,Ferguson Neil M.ORCID,Bhatt Samir

Abstract

AbstractThe UK and Sweden have among the worst per-capita COVID-19 mortality in Europe. Sweden stands out for its greater reliance on voluntary, rather than mandatory, control measures. We explore how the timing and effectiveness of control measures in the UK, Sweden and Denmark shaped COVID-19 mortality in each country, using a counterfactual assessment: what would the impact have been, had each country adopted the others’ policies? Using a Bayesian semi-mechanistic model without prior assumptions on the mechanism or effectiveness of interventions, we estimate the time-varying reproduction number for the UK, Sweden and Denmark from daily mortality data. We use two approaches to evaluate counterfactuals which transpose the transmission profile from one country onto another, in each country’s first wave from 13th March (when stringent interventions began) until 1st July 2020. UK mortality would have approximately doubled had Swedish policy been adopted, while Swedish mortality would have more than halved had Sweden adopted UK or Danish strategies. Danish policies were most effective, although differences between the UK and Denmark were significant for one counterfactual approach only. Our analysis shows that small changes in the timing or effectiveness of interventions have disproportionately large effects on total mortality within a rapidly growing epidemic.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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