Author:
Abdul Ubais,Manikandan Dinesh Babu,Arumugam Manikandan,Alomar Suliman Yousef,Manoharadas Salim,Ramasamy Thirumurugan
Abstract
AbstractAporosa cardiosperma is a plant species majorly found in the Indian Western Ghats that belongs to the phyllanthaceae family with ethnobotanical importance. Using a Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for evaluating leaf extracts of A. cardiosperma, significant functional groups and metabolite constituents were determined, and its total flavonoid, phenol, and tannin content were quantified. Further, its antibacterial efficacy was investigated against microorganisms that cause fish and human disease and are resistant to common antibiotics, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regarding the outcomes of GC–MS analysis, the primary metabolites in the A. cardiosperma leaf extracts were heneicosane (57.06%), silane (13.60%), 1-heptadecene (10.09%), 3-hexadecene (9.99%), and pentadecane (9.54%). In comparison to other solvents, methanolic extract of A. cardiosperma leaves had increased phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content; these findings are consistent with in vitro antioxidant potential and obtained that the methanolic extract (100 µg/mL) exhibited the higher percentage of inhibition in DPPH (82.35%), FRAP (86.20%), metal chelating (72.32%), and ABTS (86.06%) antioxidant assays respectively. Similar findings were found regarding the antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria. Comparatively, to other extracts, methanolic extracts showed more significant antibacterial activity at a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (250 µg/mL), whilst ethyl acetate and hexane solvent extracts of A. cardiosperma leaves had higher MIC values 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL respectively. The antimicrobial potential was validated by investigating bacterial growth through the extracts acquired MICs and sub-MICs range. Bacterial growth was completely inhibited at the determined MIC range. In conclusion, A. cardiosperma leaf extract's phytochemical fingerprint has been determined, and its potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities were discovered. These findings of the current study will pave the way for developing herbal treatments from A. cardiosperma for various fish and human diseases.
Funder
Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference60 articles.
1. Wei, L. et al. Data mining and analysis for emicizumab adverse event signals based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 45, 622–629 (2023).
2. El Jemli, M. et al. Radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability of Juniperus thurifera (L.), J. oxycedrus (L.), J. phoenicea (L.) and Tetraclinis articulata (L.). Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. 2016, e6392656 (2016).
3. Ghatti, S. S. et al. A comprehensive review on Sophora japonica: Ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry & pharmacological aspects. Nat. Prod. J. 14, 1–18 (2024).
4. Kumara, K. K. S., Shishupala, S. & Prakash, H. S. The genus Phyllanthus: A rich source of pharmacologically active compounds useful in traditional and modern medicines. In Ethnic Knowledge and Perspectives of Medicinal Plants (Apple Academic Press, 2023).
5. Schot, A. M. Systematics of Aporosa (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea. Supplement 17, 1–380 (2004).