1. First Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
2. PMX Clinical Study Group, Sapporo University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
3. Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, Sapporo University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
4. Showa University Fugigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
5. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Japan
6. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Inohana, Japan