1. The Economics of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle;Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA),Paris: OECD, 1994;
2. Nuclear fuel cycle strategies including Partitioning and Transmutation
3. The rear elements (RE) are 10−20 times more present in quantity depending on the “exposure” (the integrated energy released by fission of the heavy nuclides initially present in the fuel) of the reactor. At 45 GWd/tHM (gigawatt days per ton of heavy metal) the ratio is 16 (13.9 kg RE, 0.870 kg Am-Cm per tHM spent fuel). Sometimes also given as the burn-up (number of fissions per 100 heavy nuclides (U and Pu) initially present in the fuel) of the reactor. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Implications of Partitioning and Transmutation in Radioactive Waste Management, Vienna, Technical Reports Series, 2004, 435).
4. Mechanism of trivalent actinide/lanthanide separation using synergistic mixtures of di(chlorophenyl)dithiophosphinic acid and neutral O-bearing co-extractants