1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. NE1 7RU, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2, and Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4