1. Vehicle Energy and Safety Laboratory (VESL), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2. Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
3. Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
5. Vehicle Energy and Safety Laboratory (VESL), North Carolina Motorsports and Automotive Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States