1. School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
2. Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
3. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
4. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
5. Energy and Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
6. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States