1. Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Surface Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, and National Biofilm Innovation Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.
2. Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.
3. School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
4. Biomedical EM Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.