1. Center for Biofilm Engineering, 366 EPS Building, P.O. Box 173980, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Department of Chemical Engineering, 306 Cobleigh Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Physical Electronics Inc., Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344