1. Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
2. Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
3. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan