Nuclear orientation and nuclear cooling experiements in Oxford and Helsinki Part 3. Progress from 1975 to 2001

Abstract

Studies of spontaneous nuclear ordering in metals were started in Finland in 1974, eventually making positive and negative spin temperatures in the nanokelvin and picokelvin regimes experimentally possible. Magnetic susceptibility and neutron diffraction measurements on copper, silver and rhodium metals are described, with particular emphasis on negative spin temperatures. † Deceased.