CHANGING EXTREME SEA LEVELS ALONG THE COAST OF MALAYSIA

Abstract

This study examined extreme sea level (ESL) variations along the Malaysian coast using hourly sea level data from 17 tide gauge stations. The maximum observed ESLs varied from 1.26 m at Bintulu to 2.92 m at Port Klang, with tides playing a significant role in ESLs, especially along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The spatial variation of seasonal ESLs showed a higher maximum of non-tidal residuals (0.8-1.1 m) along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the northeast monsoon. This can be mainly attributed to the influence of the monsoon wind. Moreover, significant increases in ESLs were observed at 14 stations, largely due to rises in mean sea level. The interannual variability of ESL could be associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation at most sites except the northeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Interestingly, the interannual variability of the non-tidal residuals could be linked to the monsoon at sites located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. These findings provide valuable insights to relevant authorities for coastal planning, especially regarding flood risk management and the formulation of effective mitigation strategies.