OlivellaBeads from Spiro and the Plains

Abstract

Beads made from Gulf of California dwarf olive shells (Olivella dama) have recently been identified from the Spiro site in eastern Oklahoma. This is the first evidence from Spiro of culture contact to the west. The beads, previously identified asOlivella nivea, are important becauseO. damaoriginates in the Gulf of California whileO. niveais from the Gulf of Mexico. An overview ofOlivellabeads from Plains sites reveals a mixture of shell beads originating from the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of California. The presence of westernOlivellabeads at Spiro and other Plains sites supports an intensification of trade between Puebloan and Plains peoples during Late Prehistoric times at about A.D. 1400 or slightly earlier, but there is no evidence for strong cultural ties to the west.Olivellabeads occur at sites east of the Mississippi River, and these need to be identified to determine coast of origin.