1. For a brief discussion of political institutions of early China, see Tuan-Sheng Ch'ien, The Government and Politics of China, 1912–1949 (Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press, 1970), pp. 30–48.
2. Translation in Liao W. K., The Complete Works of Han Fei Tsu (London: Arthur Probsthan, 1939), p. 52.
3. Translation in Collie David, The Chinese Classical Work (Scholars' Facsimiles and Prints, 1970), pp. 89–90.
4. Translation in Griffith Samuel B., Sun Tsu: The Art of War (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1963), p. 63.