Morphological and phenological variation of flower colour morphs in a wild population of Opuntia streptacantha (Cactaceae)

Abstract

Background and aims – Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae) is one of the most diverse genera in the subfamily Opuntioideae, with approximately 220 species. The considerable morphological and anatomical diversity among these species has resulted in a remarkable adaptative plasticity, evident in both intra- and interspecific variability. Our study system is Opuntia streptacantha, which has two flower colour morphs: yellow and orange. The objective is to determine if there are morphological differences in the reproductive and vegetative structures between floral morphs. Material and methods – We measured 8 cladode traits (n = 20 cladodes for each floral morph) and 17 flower traits (n = 30 flowers per morph), and reproductive phenology was recorded for both morphs to describe their phenophases (n = 10 individuals per morph). Key results and conclusion – We found that floral colour morphs of O. streptacantha showed significant differences mostly associated with flower traits. Principal component analysis revealed seven components that explained 80% of the total variation, namely total flower length, number of stamens, distance between anther and stigma, number of pollen grains, style length, equatorial diameter of the ovarian chamber, pericarp width, and number of areole lines. Some individuals of O. tomentosa were classified as floral morphs of O. streptacantha, not having a clear separation between the species. The phenology of the floral colour morphs showed a slight lag in their peak flowering and fruiting. Very high flowering synchrony was found for each floral morph and between them. The modifications found in the flowers of O. streptacantha may be associated with a possible hybridization with O. tomentosa favouring the appearance of the two floral morphs.