Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells and dendritic cell-based vaccines showing remarkable efficacy in certain malignancies. This review provides an integrative overview of recent advances and future directions in vaccinomics. A critical aspect of improving efficacy is the integration of CAR T cells and dendritic cell-based therapies to leverage synergistic effects. Personalization of cancer treatment, facilitated by strategies such as HLA typing and antigen selection, is essential for targeting specific tumor antigens and evading immune resistance. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and can be targeted to enhance therapy efficacy. Novel adjuvants and immune modulators, such as Toll-like receptor agonists and checkpoint inhibitors, can further improve efficacy and safety. Predictive biomarkers and patient stratification strategies are essential for optimizing candidate selection. Future research should focus on optimizing CAR T cell and dendritic cell-based therapies, developing novel combinational strategies, and advancing gene editing and manufacturing techniques. Expansion to non-cancerous diseases could greatly broaden the impact on public health. Addressing challenges and limitations associated with these therapies can unlock their full potential and revolutionize the treatment of various malignancies and other medical conditions.