Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: The need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective

Author:

Rumpf Hans-Jürgen1,Achab Sophia23,Billieux Joël4,Bowden-Jones Henrietta5,Carragher Natacha6,Demetrovics Zsolt7,Higuchi Susumu8,King Daniel L.9,Mann Karl10,Potenza Marc11,Saunders John B.12,Abbott Max13,Ambekar Atul14,Aricak Osman Tolga15,Assanangkornchai Sawitri16,Bahar Norharlina17,Borges Guilherme18,Brand Matthias1920,Chan Elda Mei-Lo21,Chung Thomas22,Derevensky Jeff23,Kashef Ahmad El24,Farrell Michael25,Fineberg Naomi A.2627,Gandin Claudia28,Gentile Douglas A.29,Griffiths Mark D.30,Goudriaan Anna E.31,Grall-Bronnec Marie32,Hao Wei33,Hodgins David C.34,Ip Patrick35,Király Orsolya7,Lee Hae Kook36,Kuss Daria30,Lemmens Jeroen S.37,Long Jiang33,Lopez-Fernandez Olatz30,Mihara Satoko8,Petry Nancy M.38,Pontes Halley M.30,Rahimi-Movaghar Afarin39,Rehbein Florian40,Rehm Jürgen414243,Scafato Emanuele44,Sharma Manoi45,Spritzer Daniel46,Stein Dan J.47,Tam Philip48,Weinstein Aviv49,Wittchen Hans-Ulrich43,Wölfling Klaus50,Zullino Daniele2,Poznyak Vladimir6

Affiliation:

1. 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

2. 2 Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Addictology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

3. 3 Geneva WHO Collaborating Center for Training and Research, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

4. 4 Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

5. 5 Central North West London NHS Trust, Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, UK

6. 6 Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland

7. 7 Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary

8. 8 National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan

9. 9 School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

10. 10 Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

11. 11 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Child Study Center, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

12. 12 Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

13. 13 Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

14. 14 Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

15. 15 Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey

16. 16 Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand

17. 17 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia

18. 18 National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico

19. 19 General Psychology: Cognition Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

20. 20 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany

21. 21 Integrated Centre on Addiction Prevention and Treatment, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Hong Kong SAR, China

22. 22 Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China

23. 23 Applied Child Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

24. 24 National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

25. 25 National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia

26. 26 Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Hertfordshire, UK

27. 27 Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK

28. 28 National Centre on Addiction and Doping, National Observatory on Alcohol, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

29. 29 Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

30. 30 International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

31. 31 Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Mental Health Care, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

32. 32 Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

33. 33 Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

34. 34 Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

35. 35 Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

36. 36 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea

37. 37 Center for Research on Children, Adolescents, and the Media, Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

38. 38 Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA

39. 39 Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

40. 40 Criminological Research Institute Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany

41. 41 Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada

42. 42 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

43. 43 Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany

44. 44 National Observatory on Alcohol, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

45. 45 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India

46. 46 Study Group on Technological Addictions, Porto Alegre, Brazil

47. 47 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

48. 48 Network for Internet Investigation and Research in Australia, The Delta Clinic, Sydney, NSW, Australia

49. 49 Department of Behavioral Science, University of Ariel, Ariel, Israel

50. 50 Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

Abstract

The proposed introduction of gaming disorder (GD) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) has led to a lively debate over the past year. Besides the broad support for the decision in the academic press, a recent publication by van Rooij et al. (2018) repeated the criticism raised against the inclusion of GD in ICD-11 by Aarseth et al. (2017). We argue that this group of researchers fails to recognize the clinical and public health considerations, which support the WHO perspective. It is important to recognize a range of biases that may influence this debate; in particular, the gaming industry may wish to diminish its responsibility by claiming that GD is not a public health problem, a position which maybe supported by arguments from scholars based in media psychology, computer games research, communication science, and related disciplines. However, just as with any other disease or disorder in the ICD-11, the decision whether or not to include GD is based on clinical evidence and public health needs. Therefore, we reiterate our conclusion that including GD reflects the essence of the ICD and will facilitate treatment and prevention for those who need it.

Publisher

Akademiai Kiado Zrt.

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health,Clinical Psychology,General Medicine,Medicine (miscellaneous)

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