Thyroid Hormones and Their Role in Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Thyroid hormones are pivotal regulators of various physiological processes, including reproductive function. While the impact of thyroid dysfunction on female fertility has been extensively studied, its association with male infertility has gained increasing recognition. This comprehensive review explores the role of thyroid hormones in male infertility, focusing on their effects on spermatogenesis, sperm quality, and reproductive outcomes. The review delves into the physiology of thyroid hormones, the presence of thyroid hormone receptors in the male reproductive system, and the influence of thyroid dysfunction on spermatogenesis and semen parameters. Additionally, it examines the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone action in the male reproductive system and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting thyroid hormone pathways to improve male fertility. Understanding the intricate relationship between thyroid hormones and male infertility is crucial for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the management of male infertility associated with thyroid dysfunction.