Physical characteristics of tephra layers in the deep sea realm: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

Author:

Engwell S. L.12,Sparks R. S. J.1,Carey S.3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Will's Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK

2. Present address: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy

3. Graduate School of Earth Science, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA

Abstract

AbstractTephra deposits in the deep sea can survive undisturbed for long periods of time and, on regional scales, tend to be much better preserved than their subaerial counterparts. In this study, grain size distributions and thicknesses of tephra deposits from the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption (39 000 yr BP; magnitude c. 7.7) preserved in thirty-three deep sea cores are analysed to infer key eruption parameters. Distal deep sea tephra thickness data show an exponential decrease with distance from source. Such trends are difficult to identify in distal subaerial data owing to reworking and limited exposure. We find that tephra grain size distributions are much less affected by depositional environment than thickness, with trends that are consistent across distal subaerial, lacustrine and deep sea environments. The CI layer exhibits bimodal grain size distributions to distances of c. 1000 km, after which it becomes unimodal. Such trends can be related to different mechanisms of tephra transport in the atmosphere, whereby at proximal to medial distances the Plinian and co-ignimbrite phases produce distinct plumes. Within 150 and 900 km from source, Plinian tephra constitutes 40±5% of the deposit volume. Beyond this region where coarse particles are deposited, the plumes merge and fines derived largely from co-ignimbrite elutriation are spread in the atmosphere at velocities greater than the settling velocities of the particles.

Publisher

Geological Society of London

Subject

Geology,Ocean Engineering,Water Science and Technology

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4. A quantitative assessment of eruptive parameters derived from tephra deposits: the example of two large eruptions of Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador;Bulletin of Volcanology,2010

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