Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Case of Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage

Abstract

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis (BRCN) is a rare but serious condition characterised by the ischaemic necrosis of both kidneys’ cortical tissues. Concurrently, Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) manifests as a transient constriction of cerebral blood vessels. The fusion of these two rare entities within the context of severe Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) poses a unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for healthcare practitioners. This case study documents the intricate and severe complications experienced by a 32-year-old primiparous woman following abruptio placenta with Intrauterine Foetal Death (IUFD). The patient presented with massive vaginal bleeding, leading to an emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) where bilateral uterine artery ligation and bilateral internal iliac artery ligation were performed to control haemorrhage. Despite initial interventions, the patient’s condition deteriorated, leading to signs of shock, haemoperitoneum, sepsis, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and cerebral complications. The medical journey unfolded with an urgent re-laparotomy, draining haemoperitoneum and conducting a subtotal hysterectomy. This case highlights the critical importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetrics, nephrology, and intensive care, in managing such complex postpartum complications. Vigilant monitoring, collaborative decision-making, and meticulous postoperative care played pivotal roles. The successful outcome was attributed to early recognition, aggressive supportive measures, and timely interventions, including haemodialysis. The challenges faced underscore the need for accessible obstetric care, awareness about antenatal complications, and community-focused initiatives. Further research is warranted to unravel the intricate connections between PPH, RCVS, and associated complications, enhancing our understanding and improving patient outcomes in similar critical cases.