Causal relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and prostate cancer: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious observational researchers have found an inverse bidirectional link between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prostate cancer (PCa); yet, the causative nature of this link remains unclear. To investigate the causal interactions between AD and PCa, a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted.MethodsThis study comprised two Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics for AD (17,008 cases and 37,154 controls) and PCa (79,148 cases and 61,106 controls) in individuals of European ancestry. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the primary approach, while MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode served as supplementary methods for estimating the causal effect. To assess pleiotropy, the MR-PRESSO global test and MR-Egger regression were used. Cochran’s Q test was adopted to check heterogeneity, MR Steiger test and the leave-one-out analysis was performed to confirm the robustness and reliability of the results.ResultsThe causal association genetically inferred of AD on PCa was found using IVW (OR = 0.974, 95% CI = 0.958-0.991, p = 0.003) in forward MR analysis and the causal association genetically inferred of PCa on AD was not found using IVW (OR = 1.000, 95% CI: 0.954-1.049, P = 0.988) in reverse MR analysis. The sensitivity analysis showed that no pleiotropy and heterogeneity was observed. The leave-one-out analysis showed that the findings were not inordinately affected by any instrumental variables.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated an absence of bidirectional causality between AD and PCa among the European population, suggested that a genetically predicted possibility of decreased PCa risk in AD patients, and no significant genetically predicted causal effect of PCa on AD.