Investigating causal associations among gut microbiota, metabolites and autoimmune hypothyroidism: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and its metabolites may be involved in autoimmune hypothyroidism. However, the causal association between gut microbiota, metabolites and autoimmune hypothyroidism remains to be determined.MethodsInstrumental variables were screened from the GWAS datasets of 211 gut microbiota taxonomic groups, gut microbiota-derived metabolites, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) were used to analyse the potential causal relationship between autoimmune hypothyroidism, these metabolites, or these microbiota. During the MR analysis, we alternated multiple MR methods with different model assumptions to assess the consistency and robustness of the findings: inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MRPRESSO) and MR−Egger methods. Reverse MR analysis was performed to assess the possibility of reverse causality. Finally, enrichment analyses were used to investigate potential biofunctions.ResultsThe IVW results of univariable MR showed that the phyla Actinobacteria, genus DefluviitaleaceaeUCG011, genus Eggerthella, family Defluviitaleaceae, genus Subdoligranulum, genus RuminococcaceaeUCG011, and genus Intestinimonas were associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism. After FDR adjustment, the absence of a causal relationship between gut microbiota and autoimmune hypothyroidism (PFDR > 0.05) suggested a possible marginal association. The results on gut metabolites showed that N-(3-furoyl)glycine, pipecolate, phenylalanine, allantoin, indololactate and alanine were associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism. After FDR correction, only indololactate was associated with hypothyroidism (OR=1.592; 95% CI, 1.228-2.065; PFDR= 0.036). Family Defluviitaleaceae and genus DefluviitaleaceaeUCG011 were suggestively significant in the MVMR. The results of reverse MR analysis showed no reverse causality between autoimmune hypothyroidism and the identified gut microbiota. Enrichment analysis revealed that several key regulatory pathways were significantly enriched.ConclusionThis study supported that there were beneficial or detrimental causal effects of gut microbiota and its metabolites on autoimmune hypothyroidism risk, which provides more theoretical support for mechanistic research on the “thyroid–gut” axis.