Affiliation:
1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
3. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Abstract
The insecticide known as neonicotinoid has negative impacts on the ecosystem, human health, and the environment; specifically, its effects on the relationship between crop yields and the death rate of natural pollinators, such as bees, affect food security. The active ingredients in neonicotinoids include imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, sulfoxaflor, and thiacloprid, which are sold under various trade names. For many of the components of these toxic insecticides, patents have been expired; however, farmers and consumers who continue to use these chemicals are unaware of the products’ toxicity and the environmental effects they have. Thus, agricultural industries are required to consider diverse methods to minimize neonicotinoid use in farming operations and move away from the current prevailing methods. In this short review, the negative effects of neonicotinoid use; the toxic components, health effects, and environmental regulations of neonicotinoids; and sustainable methods to minimize their use are examined.
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