Molecular-Level Understanding of Selectively Photocatalytic Degradation of Ammonia via Copper Ferrite/N-Doped Graphene Catalyst under Visible Near-Infrared Irradiation

Abstract

Developing photocatalysts with molecular recognition function is very interesting and desired for specific applications in the environmental field. Copper ferrite/N-doped graphene (CuFe2O4/NG) hybrid catalyst was synthesized and characterized by surface photovoltage spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The CuFe2O4/NG catalyst can recognize ammonia from rhodamine B (RhB) in ammonia-RhB mixed solution and selectively degrade ammonia under visible near-infrared irradiation. The degradation ratio for ammonia reached 92.6% at 6 h while the degradation ratio for RhB was only 39.3% in a mixed solution containing 100.0 mg/L NH3-N and 50 mg/L RhB. Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated ammonia adsorbed on CuFe2O4 while RhB was adsorbed on NG. The products of oxidized ammonia were detected by gas chromatography, and results showed that N2 was formed during photocatalytic oxidization. Mechanism studies showed that photo-generated electrons flow to N-doped graphene following the Z-scheme configuration to reduce O2 dissolved in solution, while photo-generated holes oxidize directly ammonia to nitrogen gas.