The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study

Published:2023-03-15 Issue:6 Volume:20 Page:5161
ISSN:1660-4601
Container-title:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
language:en
Short-container-title:IJERPH

Author:

Lavalle Raffaele¹^ORCID,Condominas Elena²³^ORCID,Haro Josep Maria²³^ORCID,Giné-Vázquez Iago²³^ORCID,Bailon Raquel⁴⁵^ORCID,Laporta Estela⁵^ORCID,Garcia Ester⁵⁶^ORCID,Kontaxis Spyridon⁴⁵^ORCID,Alacid Gemma Riquelme²³^ORCID,Lombardini Federica²³^ORCID,Preti Antonio¹^ORCID,Peñarrubia-Maria Maria Teresa⁷⁸,Coromina Marta²³,Arranz Belén²³^ORCID,Vilella Elisabet⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²^ORCID,Rubio-Alacid Elena²³^ORCID,Matcham Faith¹²¹³^ORCID,Lamers Femke¹⁴¹⁵^ORCID,Hotopf Matthew¹²^ORCID,Penninx Brenda W. J. H.¹⁴¹⁵^ORCID,Annas Peter¹⁶,Narayan Vaibhav¹⁷,Simblett Sara K.¹²^ORCID,Siddi Sara²^ORCID, ,

Affiliation:

1. Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy

2. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain

3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain

4. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain

5. Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain

6. Microelectrónica y Sistemas Electrónicos, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain

7. Health Technology Assessment in Primary Care and Mental Health (PRISMA) Research Group, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, 08830 St Boi de Llobregat, Spain

8. Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Regió Metropolitana Sud, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain

9. Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, 43206 Reus, Spain

10. Neuriociències i Salut Mental, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, 43204 Reus, Spain

11. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Reus, Spain

12. Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK

13. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9QH, UK

14. Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

15. Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

16. H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark

17. Research and Development Information Technology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA

Abstract

The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.

Funder

Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/6/5161/pdf

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