Fracture Network Analysis of Karstified Subis Limestone Build-Up in Niah, Sarawak

Abstract

Understanding complex carbonate fracture networks and karstification at various geological scales is challenging, especially with limited multi-scale datasets. This paper aims to reduce uncertainty in the fracture architecture of Central Luconia karstified reservoirs by narrowing observational gaps between seismic and well data by using the discrete fracture models of exposed limestone outcrops as analogues for the subsurface carbonate reservoir. An outcrop-based fracture network characterisation of a near-surface paleo-karst at Subis Limestone combined with lineament analysis was conducted to extract fracture parameters. The karst structure was first delineated using a digital elevation map and outcrop examination. Then, topology analysis was performed, following the creation of two-dimensional discrete fracture models. Two main fracture sets oriented northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast and 79 potential dolines were identified. Fracture intersections, northeast–southwest major orientations, and drainage systems highly influenced the karst features. The Subis Limestone fracture model revealed that the highest number of fractures and total length of fractures were concentrated in the northern part of the Subis Limestone build-up (X: 250–350, Y: 150–250) and became denser towards the northwest direction of the outcrop (X: 600–800). The fractures in the Subis paleo-karsts appear isolated, with I-nodes ranging from 0.74 to 0.94. Hence, it is crucial to incorporate matrix porosity into multiple scales of fracture network modelling to improve upscaling and the modelling of fracture–vug networks, as well as to minimise the underestimation of discrete fracture networks in fractured and karstified limestone.