Enhanced Activation of the S1PR2-IL-1β-Src-BDNF-TrkB Pathway Mediates Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus and Cognitive Impairment in Hyperammonemic Rats

Abstract

Hyperammonemia contributes to hepatic encephalopathy. In hyperammonemic rats, cognitive function is impaired by altered glutamatergic neurotransmission induced by neuroinflammation. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Enhanced sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) activation in the cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats contributes to neuroinflammation. in In hyperammonemic rats, we assessed if blocking S1PR2 reduced hippocampal neuroinflammation and reversed cognitive impairment and if the signaling pathways were involved. S1PR2 was blocked with intracerebral JTE-013, and cognitive function was evaluated. The signaling pathways inducing neuroinflammation and altered glutamate receptors were analyzed in hippocampal slices. JTE-013 improved cognitive function in the hyperammonemic rats, and hyperammonemia increased S1P. This increased IL-1β, which enhanced Src activity, increased CCL2, activated microglia and increased the membrane expression of the NMDA receptor subunit GLUN2B. This increased p38-MAPK activity, which altered the membrane expression of AMPA receptor subunits and increased BDNF, which activated the TrkB → PI3K → Akt → CREB pathway, inducing sustained neuroinflammation. This report unveils key pathways involved in the induction and maintenance of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of hyperammonemic rats and supports S1PR2 as a therapeutic target for cognitive impairment.