Monitoring CH4 Fluxes in Sewage Sludge Treatment Centres: Challenging Emission Underreporting

Abstract

In this manuscript, CH4 emissions from sludge treatment centres are quantified using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) framework, with particular focus on anaerobic digesters and digestate storage tanks. The outcomes are compared to those obtained using the carbon accounting workbook (CAW), which is the most commonly used industry tool by UK and Irish water companies to estimate the annual greenhouse gas emissions from their process operations. Path integrated concentrations are monitored with the use of an open-path tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy sensor embedded on a UAV. Measurements are interpolated using geostatistics (Kriging) and coupled with the mass balance approach to estimate emissions. The findings show that the CAW seems to underestimate emissions from digestate storage tanks by up to an order of magnitude. The results also show that CH4 emissions are linked with the residence time in the tank and temperature of the digestate. This study highlights the limitations of assumptions made using current reporting methods based on the carbon accounting workbook. This study proves that the UAV framework, together with the mass balance approach, provides high spatial resolution data; it captures the dynamic nature of emissions compared to the CAW and can be a cost-effective solution to estimate CH4 fluxes compared to other sensor-based systems.