Chemical Diversity of Wild-Growing and Cultivated Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.) Originating from Poland

Abstract

Common valerian is a medicinal plant. The underground organs of this species are used as a mild sedative and sleeping aid. Poland is one of the largest producers of this raw material in Europe, with local cultivar ‘Lubelski’ as a primary cultivated form. Although valerian is the subject of more or less deliberate selection carried out by farmers, it is still genetically unstable. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of the ‘Lubelski’ cultivar originating from four regions of Poland (forms: L1–L4) in relation to wild-growing populations of the species. The plants were assessed in terms of the mass of underground organs and the content of valerenic acids and essential oils (EOs). The content of valerenic acids was determined using HPLC, whereas the content of EOs was determined using hydrodistillation. The composition of EOs was assessed using GC-MS GC-FID. The ploidy level of the analyzed objects was determined as well. Wild-growing populations (diploids) were characterized by lower masses of underground organs and lower contents of valerenic acid than cultivated forms (tetraploids). However, they produced higher contents of EOs. All the cultivated forms were strongly diversified with respect to the analyzed traits, including the mass of the roots (CV 49–75%), the content of valerenic acids (CV 18–55%), and the content of EOs (CV 28–57%). A total of 44 compounds were identified in the EOs. The dominant compound of both wild-growing populations and the ‘Lubelski’ forms were: α-fenchene, bornyl acetate, and valerenal. Among ‘Lubelski’ forms, the most interesting seems to be the L2 form, which was characterized by a relatively high yield and high content of valerenic acids and EOs. Thus, it appears to be a promising source of objects for further valerian cultivar improvement.