Two Fast GC-MS Methods for the Measurement of Nicotine, Propylene Glycol, Vegetable Glycol, Ethylmaltol, Diacetyl, and Acetylpropionyl in Refill Liquids for E-Cigarettes

Abstract

The use of e-cigarettes (ECs) has become increasingly popular worldwide, even though scientific results have not established their safety. Diacetyl (DA) and acetylpropionyl (AP), which can be present in ECs, are linked with lung diseases. Ethyl maltol (EM)—the most commonly used flavoring agent—can be present in toxic concentrations. Until now, there is no methodology for the determination of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), EM, DA, and acetylpropionyl in e-liquids that can be used as a quality control procedure. Herein, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the development of analytical methodologies for these substances. Two GC-MS methodologies were developed and fully validated, fulfilling the standards for the integration in a routine quality control procedure by manufacturers. As proof of applicability, the methodology was applied for the analysis of several e-liquids. Differences were observed between the labeled and the experimental levels of PG, VG, and nicotine. Three samples contained EM at higher concentrations compared to the other samples, while only one contained DA. These validated methodologies can be used for the quality control analysis of EC liquid samples regarding nicotine, PG, and VG amounts, as well as for the measurement of the EM.