Potential Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on Dementia: A Longitudinal Analysis in American Indians Aged 55 Years and Older

Author:

Zhu Yachen1,Shi Yuxi2,Bartell Scott M.13,Corrada Maria M.24ORCID,Manson Spero M.5,O’Connell Joan5,Jiang Luohua12

Affiliation:

1. Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

3. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

4. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

5. Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

Abstract

(1) Background: American Indians are disproportionately affected by air pollution, an important risk factor for dementia. However, few studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on the risk of dementia among American Indians. (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study included a total of 26,871 American Indians who were 55+ years old in 2007, with an average follow-up of 3.67 years. County-level average air pollution data were downloaded from land-use regression models. All-cause dementia was identified using ICD-9 diagnostic codes from the Indian Health Service’s (IHS) National Data Warehouse and related administrative databases. Cox models were employed to examine the association of air pollution with dementia incidence, adjusting for co-exposures and potential confounders. (3) Results: The average PM2.5 levels in the IHS counties were lower than those in all US counties, while the mean O3 levels in the IHS counties were higher than the US counties. Multivariable Cox regressions revealed a positive association between dementia and county-level O3 with a hazard ratio of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02–1.50) per 1 ppb standardized O3. PM2.5 and NO2 were not associated with dementia risk after adjusting for all covariates. (4) Conclusions: O3 is associated with a higher risk of dementia among American Indians.

Funder

National Institute on Aging

National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference56 articles.

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2. PM2.5 polluters disproportionately and systemically affect people of color in the United States;Tessum;Sci. Adv.,2021

3. (2023, February 23). The Disproportionate Impacts of Oil and Gas Air Pollution on Tribal Air Quality. Available online: https://www.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Tribal_Communities_At_Risk.pdf.

4. (2023, February 23). Basic Information about Oil and Natural Gas Air Pollution Standards, Available online: https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-operations/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural.

5. Air pollution: Mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease;Block;Trends Neurosci.,2009

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