Association between Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution Sources and Atopic Eczema among Preschool Children in South Africa

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between outdoor and indoor air pollution sources and atopic eczema among preschool children in South Africa. A cross-sectional design, following the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase III protocol, was applied. The study was conducted in Mabopane and Soshanguve Townships in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. A total population of 1844 preschool children aged 7 years and below participated in the study; 1840 were included in the final data analysis. Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of eczema ever (EE) and current eczema symptoms (ESs) was 11.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The use of open fires (paraffin, wood, or coal) for cooking and heating increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.76–3.52) and current ESs (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.00–3.74). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at home increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08–2.55) and current ESs (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.07–2.43). Mothers or female guardians smoking cigarettes increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 0.86–2.62) and current ESs (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.71–2.13). The use of combined building materials in homes increased the likelihood of EE, and corrugated iron significantly increased the likelihood of current ESs. The frequency of trucks passing near the preschool children’s residences on weekdays was found to be associated with EE and current ESs, with a significant association observed when trucks passed the children’s residences almost all day on weekdays. Atopic eczema was positively associated with exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution sources.