Biological Significance of Probiotic Microorganisms from Kefir and Kombucha: A Review

Author:

da Anunciação Talita Andrade1,Guedes Juan Diego Silva2,Tavares Pedro Paulo Lordelo Guimarães1ORCID,de Melo Borges Fernando Elias3ORCID,Ferreira Danton Diego3ORCID,Costa Jorge Alberto Vieira4ORCID,Umsza-Guez Marcelo Andrés1ORCID,Magalhães-Guedes Karina Teixeira1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Post-Graduate Program in Food Science, Bromatological Analysis Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Barão of Jeremoabo Street, s/n, Ondina, Salvador 40171-970, BA, Brazil

2. Post-Graduate Program in Industrial Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Professor Aristídes Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador 40210-630, BA, Brazil

3. Post-Graduate Program in Systems Engineering and Automation, Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University Campus, Lavras 37000-200, MG, Brazil

4. Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 474-96203-900, RS, Brazil

Abstract

(1) Background: The human microbiota is essential for maintaining a healthy body. The gut microbiota plays a protective role against pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics are live microorganisms capable of preventing and controlling gastrointestinal and balancing the immune system. They also aid in better nutrients and vitamins absorption. Examples of natural probiotic cultures are kefir and kombucha. (2) Methods: Therefore, the aim of this review was to address the beneficial properties of probiotic kefir and kombucha using a Boxplot analysis to search for scientific data in the online literature up to January 2024: (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis (MED-LINE), Science Direct, Google Scholar/Google Academic, Bioline Inter-national and Springer Link). Boxplots showed the summary of a set of data “Index Terms—Keywords” on kefir and kombucha in three languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish). (3) Results: Google Scholar was the database with the highest number of articles found, when the search for the keywords used in the study (containing ~4 × 106–~4 million articles available). This was Followed by the Science Direct database, containing ~3 × 106–~3 million articles available, and the BVS databases—Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (Virtual Health Library) e Lilacs, both containing a value of ~2 × 106–~2 million articles available. The databases containing the smallest number of articles found were Nutrients and Medline, both containing a value of ≤0.1 × 106–≤100 thousand articles. (4) Conclusions: Scientific studies indicate that kefir and kombucha certainly contain various functional properties, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, anticarcinogenic and immunomodulatory activity, in addition to having a microbiological composition of probiotic bacteria and yeasts. Kefir and kombucha represent key opportunities in the food and clinic/medical fields.

Funder

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil

Publisher

MDPI AG

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