The Good, the Bad, and the Useable Microbes within the Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Microbiome—Potential Bio-Agents to Combat Alder Dieback

Author:

Fuller Emma12,Germaine Kieran J.1ORCID,Rathore Dheeraj Singh2

Affiliation:

1. EnviroCore, Dargan Research Centre, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland

2. Teagasc, Forestry Development Department, Oak Park Research Centre, R93 XE12 Carlow, Ireland

Abstract

Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) is a tree species native to Ireland and Europe with high economic and ecological importance. The presence of Alder has many benefits including the ability to adapt to multiple climate types, as well as aiding in ecosystem restoration due to its colonization capabilities within disturbed soils. However, Alder is susceptible to infection of the root rot pathogen Phytophthora alni, amongst other pathogens associated with this tree species. P. alni has become an issue within the forestry sector as it continues to spread across Europe, infecting Alder plantations, thus affecting their growth and survival and altering ecosystem dynamics. Beneficial microbiota and biocontrol agents play a crucial role in maintaining the health and resilience of plants. Studies have shown that beneficial microbes promote plant growth as well as aid in the protection against pathogens and abiotic stress. Understanding the interactions between A. glutinosa and its microbiota, both beneficial and pathogenic, is essential for developing integrated management strategies to mitigate the impact of P. alni and maintain the health of Alder trees. This review is focused on collating the relevant literature associated with Alder, current threats to the species, what is known about its microbial composition, and Common Alder–microbe interactions that have been observed worldwide to date. It also summarizes the beneficial fungi, bacteria, and biocontrol agents, underpinning genetic mechanisms and secondary metabolites identified within the forestry sector in relation to the Alder tree species. In addition, biocontrol mechanisms and microbiome-assisted breeding as well as gaps within research that require further attention are discussed.

Funder

Irish Research Council

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Virology,Microbiology (medical),Microbiology

Reference174 articles.

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