Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactive Foods and Nutraceuticals in Pediatrics: Clinical Evidence of Efficacy and Safety

Author:

Fogacci Federica1ORCID,ALGhasab Naif Saad23ORCID,Di Micoli Valentina1,Giovannini Marina1ORCID,Cicero Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe14ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

2. Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Ha’il University, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia

3. Department of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary University, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

4. Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Heart, Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy

Abstract

Long-term exposure to even slightly elevated plasma cholesterol levels significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The latest evidence recommends an improvement in plasma lipid levels, even in children who are not affected by severe hypercholesterolemia. The risk–benefit profile of pharmacological treatments in pediatric patients with moderate dyslipidemia is uncertain, and several cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals have been recently tested. In this context, the available randomized clinical trials are small, short-term and mainly tested different types of fibers, plant sterols/stanols, standardized extracts of red yeast rice, polyunsaturated fatty acids, soy derivatives, and some probiotics. In children with dyslipidemia, nutraceuticals can improve lipid profile in the context of an adequate, well-balanced diet combined with regular physical activity. Of course, they should not be considered an alternative to conventional lipid-lowering drugs when necessary.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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