Affiliation:
1. School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2. Institute of Grain Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
3. School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
4. College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
5. Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
6. National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-Tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze 223100, China
Abstract
The unreasonable use of fertilizers is a significant cause of cultivated soil cadmium (Cd) accumulation. Although there is research about the effect of fertilizers on soil cadmium (Cd) accumulation under different crops, soils, and cultivation durations locally and specifically, its relative and determinant factors are seldom comprehensively and comparatively researched and evaluated. We used meta-analysis to analyze the effects of fertilizers (mineral fertilizer N, P, K (NPK) with manure (NPKM), NPK with straw (NPKS), and the mineral fertilizer N (N), NK (NK)), crops, duration, climate, and soil texture on the Chinese soil total and available Cd change during 1987–2022. The results showed that the order of the increased soil total and available Cd change was NPKM (total: 62%–104%, available: 61%–143%) > NPKS (50%–86%, 48%–116%) > NPK (25%–50%, 35%–75%) > NK (5%–19%, 19%–33%) > N (2%–6%, 7%–31%). NPKM and NPKS significantly increased the total Cd under maize (104%, 86%) and available Cd under rice (136%, 116%). Cd changed the fastest with the NPKM cultivation duration for total Cd under maize (slope: 5.9) and available Cd under rice (6.6). The change of the soil total and available Cd had the higher value in the semiarid region, clay soils, lower pH, and long cultivations. The change of the soil total and available Cd were highest (398%, 375%) in the semiarid region for clay loam after 20–25 years of NPKM fertilization, when the pH decreased to the lowest (−1.9). According to the aggregated boosted tree analysis, the fertilizers and duration were the best explanatory variable (>53%) for the soil total and available Cd. In conclusion, the soil Cd could be mitigated through reducing the long–term manure, straw, and P fertilizer content with Cd, and field managements such as liming, wetting, and drying according to the crops, climate, and soil texture.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Xinjiang Tianchi Specially-Appointed Professor Project
Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutralization