Comprehensive Analysis of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in Rural Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Author:
Soomro Shoukat Ali1ORCID, Hao Li23, Memon Gulsher Ali1, Junejo Abdul Rahim14ORCID, Niu Wenquan5, Channa Zahid Ali1ORCID, Chandio Muhammad Kareem6ORCID, Channa Jamshed Ali7, Alkahtani Jawaher8, Dahri Jahangeer49ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan 2. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China 3. Zibo Institute of Digital Agriculture and Rural Research, Zibo 255051, China 4. Arid Zone Research Centre, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Umerkot 69100, Pakistan 5. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China 6. U.S.-Pakistan Center of Advance Studies in Water, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan 7. Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan 8. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 9. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
Abstract
An irrigation quality assessment for rural Hyderabad was made by determining the pH, EC, TDS and TH beside major cations and anions. This study employed various parameters to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and its hydrochemistry. Permissible limits of major cations and anions revealed that approximately 26% of samples exceeded acceptable levels for Electrical Conductivity (EC), 87% for Ca2+, 89% for Mg2+, and 60% for Na+, while none exceeded the limits for K+. Conversely, 47% of samples for HCO3−, 91% for Cl−, and 100% for SO42−, NO3−, and CO32− proved suitability for irrigation. Notably, irrigation indices highlighted favorable results, with 100% conformity for SAR, SSP, RSP, and PI values, and substantial percentages of 78% and 85% for MH and KR values, respectively, affirming their suitability for irrigation practices. Employing the USSL diagram, 22%, 65%, and 11% of samples fall into the C2S1, C3S1, and C4S1 categories. According to the Wilcox diagram, 25%, 43%, 30%, and 2% are classified under C1, C2, C3, and C4 categories, respectively. The Gibbs ratio shows a concentration within the evaporation dominance, and CAI values showed positive ion exchange. Overall, Hyderabad’s rural areas are generally suitable for irrigation, apart from certain areas where water quality may not be acceptable for plants lacking high salt tolerance.
Funder
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Based Research Fund Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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