Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Welded 316L/In601 Dissimilar Overlap Joints in High-Temperature Thermocouple

Abstract

Heat input, a crucial factor in the optimization of high-temperature thermocouple laser welding, has a significant impact on the appearance and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded joints involving stainless-steel- and nickel-based alloys. This study focuses on laser overlay welding of austenitic stainless steels and nickel-based alloys. The findings indicate that an increase in heat input has a more pronounced effect on the penetration depth and dilution rate. Under high heat input, the weld has cracks, spatter, and other defects. Additionally, considerable amounts of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) elements are observed outside the grain near the crack, and their presence increases with higher heat input levels. Phase analysis reveals the presence of numerous Cr2Fe14C and Fe3Ni2 phases within the weld. The heat input increases to the range of 30–35 J/mm, and the weld changes from shear fracture to tensile fracture. In the center of the molten pool, the Vickers hardness is greater than that of the base metal, while in the fusion zone, the Vickers hardness is lower than that of the base metal. The overall hardness is in a downward trend with the increase of heat input, and the minimum hardness is only 159 HV0.3 at 40 J/mm. The heat input falls within the range of 28–30 J/mm, and the temperature shock resistance is at its peak.