Prevalence of ESKAPE Bacteria in Surface Water and Wastewater Sources: Multidrug Resistance and Molecular Characterization, an Updated Review

Author:

Aguilar-Salazar Alejandra1ORCID,Martínez-Vázquez Ana Verónica1,Aguilera-Arreola Guadalupe2,de Jesus de Luna-Santillana Erick1ORCID,Cruz-Hernández María Antonia1ORCID,Escobedo-Bonilla Cesar Marcial3ORCID,Lara-Ramírez Edgar1,Sánchez-Sánchez Mario4ORCID,Guerrero Abraham5ORCID,Rivera Gildardo1ORCID,Bocanegra-Garcia Virgilio1

Affiliation:

1. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa 88710, Mexico

2. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico

3. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Sinaloa, Guasave 81101, Mexico

4. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Mexico

5. CONACyT Research, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán 82112, Mexico

Abstract

ESKAPE bacteria represent a group of opportunistic bacterial pathogens that display widespread antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to the last-line antibiotics, thereby posing a significant clinical implication globally. Anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater from hospitals, livestock farms, crop fields, and wastewater treatment plants, contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens into the environment. Surface water sources, including river waters, act as critical points of discharge for wastewater, pollutants, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG). These environmental factors, along with others, facilitate the dissemination and survival of ARBs, as well as promote the exchange of ARGs. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the current environmental landscape concerning the prevalence and persistence of resistant bacteria, particularly those belonging to the ESKAPE group. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current dissemination and characterization of ESKAPE bacteria in surface water and wastewater sources.

Funder

Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Water Science and Technology,Aquatic Science,Geography, Planning and Development,Biochemistry

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