Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dioon holmgrenii (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) in the Mexican Pacific Coast Biogeographic Province: Implications for Conservation

Abstract

Dioon holmgrenii De Luca, Sabato et Vázq.Torres is an endangered species; it is endemic and its distribution is restricted to the biogeographic province of the Mexican Pacific Coast. The aim of this work was to determine the diversity and genetic structure of nine populations. The genetic diversity parameters and Wright’s F statistics were determined with six microsatellite loci. The genetic structure was determined by using the Structure software and by a discriminant analysis. The genetic diversity of the populations was high. The proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.89, the observed heterogeneity was higher (Ho = 0.62 to 0.98) than expected (He = 0.48 to 0.78), and the fixation index was negative (IF = −0.091 to −0.601). Heterozygous deficiency (FIT = 0.071) was found at the species level and heterozygotes excess (FIS = −0.287) at the population level. The genetic differentiation between populations was high (FST = 0.287), with the number of migrants less than one. Three groups of populations were differentiated, and the variation within populations, between populations, and between groups was: 65.5, 26.3, and 8.2%, respectively. Multiple factors explain the high genetic diversity, while the genetic structure is due to geographic barriers. Community reserves are urgent in at least one most diverse population of each group.