Exertional Heat Stroke, Modality Cooling Rate, and Survival Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the influence cooling modality has on survival with and without medical complications from exertional heat stroke (EHS) in sport and military populations. Methods and Materials: All peer-reviewed case reports or series involving EHS patients were searched in the following online databases: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Medline, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, and the Cochrane Library: Central Registry of Clinical Trials. Cooling methods were subdivided into “adequate” (>0.15 °C/min) versus “insufficient” (<0.15 °C/min) based on previously published literature on EHS cooling rates. Results: 613 articles were assessed for quality and inclusion in the review. Thirty-two case reports representing 521 EHS patients met the inclusion criteria. Four hundred ninety-eight (498) patients survived EHS (95.58%) and 23 (4.41%) patients succumbed to complications. Fischer’s Exact test on 2 × 2 contingency tables and relative risk ratios were calculated to determine if modality cooling rate was associated with patient outcomes. EHS patients that survived who were cooled with an insufficient cooling rate had a 4.57 times risk of medical complications compared to patients who were treated by adequate cooling methods, regardless of setting (RR = 4.57 (95%CI: 3.42, 6.28)). Conclusions: This is the largest EHS dataset yet compiled that analyzes the influence of cooling rate on patient outcomes. Zero patients died (0/521, 0.00%) when treatment included a modality with an adequate cooling rate. Conversely, 23 patients died (23/521, 4.41%) with insufficient cooling. One hundred seventeen patients (117/521, 22.46%) survived with medical complications when treatment involved an insufficient cooling rate, whereas, only four patients had complications (4/521, 0.77%) despite adequate cooling. Cooling rates >0.15 °C/min for EHS patients were significantly associated with surviving EHS without medical complications. In order to provide the best standard of care for EHS patients, an aggressive cooling rate >0.15 °C/min can maximize survival without medical complications after exercise-induced hyperthermia.