The General Movement Optimality Score-Revised (GMOS-R) with Socioeconomically Stratified Percentile Ranks

Author:

Einspieler Christa1,Bos Arend F.2ORCID,Spittle Alicia J.3,Bertoncelli Natascia4ORCID,Burger Marlette5,Peyton Colleen6ORCID,Toldo Moreno7,Utsch Fabiana8,Zhang Dajie19ORCID,Marschik Peter B.191011ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience—iDN, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria

2. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands

3. Department of Physiotherapy, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia

4. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy

5. Physiotherapy Division, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa

6. Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

7. Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Kiran Society for Rehabilitation and Education of Children with Disabilities, Varanasi 221011, India

8. Reabilitação Infantil, Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilitação, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, Brazil

9. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany

10. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37075 Göttingen, Germany

11. Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract

Background: The general movement optimality score (GMOS) quantifies the details of general movements (GMs). We recently conducted psychometric analyses of the GMOS and developed a revised scoresheet. Consequently, the GMOS-Revised (GMOS-R) instrument necessitated validation using new percentile ranks. This study aimed to provide these percentile ranks for the GMOS-R and to investigate whether sex, preterm birth, or the infant’s country of birth and residence affected the GMOS-R distribution. Methods: We applied the GMOS-R to an international sample of 1983 infants (32% female, 44% male, and 24% not disclosed), assessed in the extremely and very preterm period (10%), moderate (12%) and late (22%) preterm periods, at term (25%), and post-term age (31%). Data were grouped according to the World Bank’s classification into lower- and upper-middle-income countries (LMICs and UMICs; 26%) or high-income countries (HICs; 74%), respectively. Results: We found that sex and preterm or term birth did not affect either GM classification or the GMOS-R, but the country of residence did. A lower median GMOS-R for infants with normal or poor-repertoire GMs from LMICs and UMICs compared with HICs suggests the use of specific percentile ranks for LMICs and UMICs vs. HICs. Conclusion: For clinical and scientific use, we provide a freely available GMOS-R scoring sheet, with percentile ranks reflecting socioeconomic stratification.

Funder

Laerdal Foundation

Austrian Science Fund—FWF

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Leibniz Science Foundation and Rett Elternhilfe e.V.

BMBF

DFG

Volkswagen-foundation

EU

Foundation Friends of Beatrix Children’s Hospital

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

Publisher

MDPI AG

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