Optimization and Operational Analysis of Domestic Greywater Treatment by Electrocoagulation Filtration Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Greywater is the most sustainable option to address the growing need for fresh water. This study aimed to identify the optimal operation variables of an electro-coagulation filtration (ECF) system for treating domestic greywater, using different conditions (e.g., different electrode combinations (Al-Fe-Al-Fe), initial pH (6.8–8.4), operating time (10–60 min), and voltage (6–24 volts)). A statistical data analysis was performed to evaluate the experimental conditions for modeling the chemical oxygen demand (COD), the total dissolved solids (TDSs), turbidity, and chloride removal effectiveness, almost ranging from (85 to 94%), respectively, with energy consumption using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the ANOVA test. When comparing the experimental and predicted model values, it was proved that the model fairly describes the experimental values with the R2 values determined >0.99 for COD, TDSs, turbidity, chloride, and energy consumption, suggesting a regression sustainability of the model. The sludge properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and FTIR spectroscopy, which indicated the removal of organic matter during the ECF, similar in composition, independently of the different applied voltage values used. The results of this study suggest the ECF significantly reduces the pollutants load in greywater, showing the aluminum-iron-based electrodes as a viable option to treat greywater with optimal operational costs ranging from (0.12 to 0.4) US$ m−3 under different voltage conditions and parameters. This study establishes a path for greywater treatment technology that is economical and environmentally responsible for wastewater management that leads to sustainability.