A Dynamic Large-Scale Driving-Force to Control the Targeted Wind Speed in Large Eddy Simulations above Ocean Waves

Abstract

We performed large eddy simulations to study micro-scale wind–wave interactions under undisturbed freestream conditions. We identified that standard approaches lead to wave-related disturbances at the top boundary. Therefore, we developed a numerical strategy to maintain an undisturbed wind speed at the top, while considering arbitrary waves at the bottom. In a broader context, the method is capable of controlling the wind speed at any height in the domain, and may also be used to enhance atmospheric simulations over land. The method comprises an evolution equation that controls the dynamic evolution of the large-scale driving force, representing the geostrophic forcing from the meso- to the micro-scales. In flat-bottom applications, this guided the reference freestream velocities towards a certain target; convergence to a steady state regime was favored and self-similarity was ensured. In wavy bottom applications considering the prescription of a monochromatic wave, we were able to maintain a quasi-steady wind speed close to the target on the freestream. The wave-induced disturbances were then investigated as functions of varying wave age conditions. We performed a systematic wave age variation study by varying the reference wind speed, and evaluated wave-induced disturbances in the velocity, normal, and shear stress profiles.