Groundwater Quality Assessment at East El Minia Middle Eocene Carbonate Aquifer: Water Quality Index (WQI) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
Author:
Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Aziz A.1ORCID, Mostafa Alaa2, Salman Salman A.3, Mohamed Ramadan S. A.4, Snousy Moustafa Gamal5ORCID, Ahmed Mohamed S.6ORCID, Sambito Mariacrocetta7ORCID, Ismail Esam4ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Misr Cement Group, Misr Cement Maintenance Company, Minia 61515, Egypt 2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Cairo 11651, Egypt 3. Geological Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt 4. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt 5. Egyptian Petroleum Sector, Petrotrade Co., 1 Anwar Al Moftty St., Abbas El Akkad St., Nasr City, Cairo 39828, Egypt 6. Geology and Geophysics Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 7. Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
Abstract
Around the world, groundwater supply is critical for vital needs such as drinking and irrigation. This work investigates groundwater in the carbonate aquifer of the Middle Miocene in the east El Minia area, Egypt. In this regard, thirty-two groundwater samples were collected. The water samples were analyzed for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, CO2−, HCO3−, Fe, Mn, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, and Pb. Groundwater has been evaluated using two methods, which are water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). The predominant groundwater is soft water, and the samples range in salinity from fresh to slightly salty. The groundwater mostly falls into the alkaline water type. All the groundwater samples under study are deemed low quality for human consumption due to water contamination. Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, and Pb have high HQnc values, which can result in non-carcinogenic health issues in adults, while Mn, Cu, and Pb can give rise to non-carcinogenic health issues in children.
Funder
King Saud University European Union Next-Generation EU
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