A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation

Published:2023-12-24 Issue:1 Volume:24 Page:103
ISSN:1424-8220
Container-title:Sensors
language:en
Short-container-title:Sensors

Author:

Bhadrvathi Ghouse Parveez Shariff¹^ORCID,Mane Pallavi R.¹,Thankappan Sumangala Sangeetha²,Kumar Puttur Vasanth¹,Pathan Sameena²^ORCID,Jhunjhunwala Vikash Kumar³,Ali Tanweer¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India

2. Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India

3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India

Abstract

Advancement in smartwatch sensors and connectivity features demands low latency communication with a wide bandwidth. ISM bands below 6 GHz are reaching a threshold. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is the solution for future smartwatch applications. Therefore, a compact dual-band antenna operating at 25.5 and 38 GHz is presented here. The characteristics mode theory (CMT) aids the antenna design process by exciting Mode 1 and 2 as well as Mode 1–3 at their respective bands. In addition, the antenna structure generates two traverse modes, TM10 and TM02, at the lower and higher frequency bands. The antenna measured a bandwidth (BW) of 1.5 (25–26.5 GHz) and 2.5 GHz (37–39.5 GHz) with a maximum gain of 7.4 and 7.3 dBi, respectively. The antenna performance within the watch case (stainless steel) showed a stable |S11| with a gain improvement of 9.9 and 10.9 dBi and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.063 and 0.0206 W/kg, respectively, at the lower and higher bands. The link budget analysis for various rotation angles of the watch indicated that, for a link margin of 20 dB, the antenna can transmit/receive 1 Gbps of data. However, significant fading was noticed at certain angles due to the shadowing effect caused by the watch case itself. Nonetheless, the antenna has a workable bandwidth, a high gain, and a low SAR, making it suitable for smartwatch and IoT applications.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Biochemistry,Instrumentation,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics,Analytical Chemistry

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/103/pdf

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