Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Zonarol, a Marine Algal Hydroquinone, in Mice Using HPLC with Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

Zonarol, which was discovered in the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata, has antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective hydroquinone properties. Additionally, a daily treatment of zonarol taken orally has been proven to prevent ulcerative colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in experimentally induced mice models. In this study, to elucidate the physiological behavior of zonarol in vivo, the establishment of quantitative methods for the determination of zonarol in biological samples and basic pharmacokinetics parameters after oral or intravenous administration with purified zonarol to mice were investigated. The zonarol (20–600 ng/mL) in this study was dose-dependently detected using an HPLC-FI system as a single peak on the ODS column with 80% aqueous methanol at 332 nm with an excitation of 293 nm. The pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from a non-compartment analysis of the plasma concentration of zonarol following oral or intravenous treatment in mice. The absolute bioavailability of zonarol was calculated as 25.0%. Interestingly, the maximal distribution of zonarol in the brain (2.525 ± 1.334 µg/g tissue) at 30 min was observed to be higher and slower than that in the liver and kidney at 15 min after bolus intravenous administrations to the mice (10 mg/kg BW). Based on these results, zonarol might be a candidate for a potential drug, an effective tool for drug delivery, or enhancing the treatment of cerebral disease.